InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6+/m1/s1 |
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N |
OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O |
|
Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
|
Source: BioModels - MODEL1507180067
See:
PubMed
|
mouse metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
(via D-galactopyranose )
Escherichia coli metabolite
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
(via D-galactopyranose )
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).
(via D-galactose )
human metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
(via D-galactose )
fundamental metabolite
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
(via galactose )
|
|
View more via ChEBI Ontology
Outgoing
|
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
has role
mouse metabolite
(CHEBI:75771)
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
is a
D-galactopyranose
(CHEBI:4139)
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
is enantiomer of
α-L-galactose
(CHEBI:42905)
|
|
Incoming
|
α-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-OMe
(CHEBI:60162)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Gal-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-OMe
(CHEBI:63023)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galf-(1→2)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:151798)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:155057)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Manp
(CHEBI:154275)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→2)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:146603)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→2)-β-D-Manp
(CHEBI:157557)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc
(CHEBI:145589)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Manp
(CHEBI:151680)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc
(CHEBI:147845)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→3)-D-GalNAc-OH
(CHEBI:153009)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→3)-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:151732)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:151923)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp
(CHEBI:153535)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:148271)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-GlcpNAc
(CHEBI:61836)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Gal-OH
(CHEBI:155712)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:153262)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp
(CHEBI:151217)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Manp
(CHEBI:152309)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Galp-(1→6)-D-Glc-OH
(CHEBI:153263)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-GalpNAc-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:146643)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-galactose 1-phosphate
(CHEBI:17973)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-galactoside
(CHEBI:46953)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-galactosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactosyl-(1↔1ʼ)-ceramide
(CHEBI:143594)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Glcp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:148317)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:147720)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-D-Gal-OH
(CHEBI:152331)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-GlcpN-(1→1)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:152005)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-Manp-(1→2)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:155784)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-L-Fucp-(1→2)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:150174)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-L-Fucp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:150400)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-L-Fucp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:146873)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:152679)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:152941)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:153179)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→2−)α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:152962)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-L-Fucp-(1→2)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:147475)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-L-Fucp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:148007)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
β-L-Fucp-(1→4)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:146886)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(10-phenyldecanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:528918)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(11-phenylundecanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139167)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(21-phenylhenicosanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139169)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(25-phenylpentacosanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139170)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(6-phenylhexanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:528967)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(7-phenylheptanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139141)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(8-phenyloctanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:528968)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-(9-phenylnonanoyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139142)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[11-(4-fluorophenyl)undecanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:86489)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[11-(4-methoxyphenyl)undecanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139213)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)hexanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139174)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[8-(4-fluorophenyl)octanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:60752)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139204)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-[8-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyloctanoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139210)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-dodecanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:84159)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-hexacosanoylsphinganine
(CHEBI:63008)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-icosa-11,14-dienoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:60748)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-nonanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:75784)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-octanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:527437)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-pamitoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:72334)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tetracosanyl-2-aminononane-1,3,4-triol
(CHEBI:495150)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tetracosanylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:59446)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tetradecanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:84158)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-{11-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]undecanoyl}phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139214)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]hexanoyl}phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139176)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactosyl)-N-decanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:84160)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:466659)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(α-D-galactosyl)-N-undecanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:140414)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(4-O-allyl-α-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145462)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(4-O-benzyl-α-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145426)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(4-O-propyl-α-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145530)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(4-O-{3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl}-α-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145519)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-(6-acetamido-6-deoxy-α-D-galactosyl)-N-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:63080)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(2-adamantylethyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145526)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145432)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145524)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(3-phenylpropyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145485)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145459)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145463)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(4-fluorobenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145523)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(4-methylbenzyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145433)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(4-phenylbutyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145486)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(5-phenylpentyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145487)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(6-phenylhexyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145488)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(cyclobutylmethyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145525)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[4-O-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145461)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[6-O-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-α-D-galactopyranosyl]-N-hexacosanoylsphinganine
(CHEBI:140668)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-[6-O-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-α-D-galactosyl]-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:140669)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145513)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145521)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145508)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145516)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145512)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[3-(4-methylphenyl)propyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145489)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
1-O-{4-O-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-α-D-galactosyl}-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine
(CHEBI:145456)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:49143)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-11-phenylundecan-2-yl]hexacosanamide
(CHEBI:139221)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-13-phenyltridecan-2-yl]hexacosanamide
(CHEBI:139222)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-phenylhexan-2-yl]hexacosanamide
(CHEBI:139219)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-8-phenyloctan-2-yl]hexacosanamide
(CHEBI:139220)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[11-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)undecanoyl]-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139216)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[6-(4-fluorophenyl)hexanoyl]-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139175)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[6-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)hexanoyl]-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139178)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
N-[8-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)octanoyl]-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)phytosphingosine
(CHEBI:139211)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
GlcpN-(1→1)-α-D-Galp
(CHEBI:153875)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
penta-O-acetyl-α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:63145)
has functional parent
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-L-galactose
(CHEBI:42905)
is enantiomer of
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
α-D-galactosyl group
(CHEBI:61248)
is substituent group from
α-D-galactose
(CHEBI:28061)
|
ALPHA D-GALACTOSE
|
PDBeChem
|
α-D-Gal
|
ChEBI
|
alpha-D-Galactose
|
KEGG COMPOUND
|
α-D-galactose
|
UniProt
|
Gal-α
|
ChEBI
|
WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[a2112h-1a_1-5]/1/
|
GlyTouCan
|
1271
|
DrugCentral
|
C00001119
|
KNApSAcK
|
C00984
|
KEGG COMPOUND
|
C01582
|
KEGG COMPOUND
|
D04291
|
KEGG DRUG
|
G09546QO
|
GlyTouCan
|
G09546QO
|
GlyGen
|
GLA
|
PDBeChem
|
View more database links |
1281609
|
Reaxys Registry Number
|
Reaxys
|
26566-61-0
|
CAS Registry Number
|
KEGG COMPOUND
|
3646-73-9
|
CAS Registry Number
|
ChemIDplus
|
3646-73-9
|
CAS Registry Number
|
NIST Chemistry WebBook
|
59-23-4
|
CAS Registry Number
|
KEGG COMPOUND
|
648638
|
Gmelin Registry Number
|
Gmelin
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Jandus P, Boligan KF, Smith DF, de Graauw E, Grimbacher B, Jandus C, Abdelhafez MM, Despont A, Bovin N, Simon D, Rieben R, Simon HU, Cummings RD, von Gunten S (2019) The architecture of the IgG anti-carbohydrate repertoire in primary antibody deficiencies. Blood 134, 1941-1950 [PubMed:31537530] [show Abstract] Immune system failure in primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) has been linked to recurrent infections, autoimmunity, and cancer, yet clinical judgment is often based on the reactivity to a restricted panel of antigens. Previously, we demonstrated that the human repertoire of carbohydrate-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) exhibits modular organization related to glycan epitope structure. The current study compares the glycan-specific IgG repertoires between different PAD entities. Distinct repertoire profiles with extensive qualitative glycan-recognition defects were observed, which are characterized by the common loss of Galα and GalNAc reactivity and disease-specific recognition of microbial antigens, self-antigens, and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Antibody repertoire analysis may provide a useful tool to elucidate the degree and the clinical implications of immune system failure in individual patients. | Schneider C, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Boligan KF, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS, Miescher S, Simon HU, Pashov A, Vassilev T, von Gunten S (2015) The human IgG anti-carbohydrate repertoire exhibits a universal architecture and contains specificity for microbial attachment sites. Science translational medicine 7, 269ra1 [PubMed:25568069] [show Abstract] Despite the paradigm that carbohydrates are T cell-independent antigens, isotype-switched glycan-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and polysaccharide-specific T cells are found in humans. We used a systems-level approach combined with glycan array technology to decipher the repertoire of carbohydrate-specific IgG antibodies in intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin preparations. A strikingly universal architecture of this repertoire with modular organization among different donor populations revealed an association between immunogenicity or tolerance and particular structural features of glycans. Antibodies were identified with specificity not only for microbial antigens but also for a broad spectrum of host glycans that serve as attachment sites for viral and bacterial pathogens and/or exotoxins. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens were differentially detected by IgG antibodies, whereas non-IgG2 reactivity was predominantly absent. Our study highlights the power of systems biology approaches to analyze immune responses and reveals potential glycan antigen determinants that are relevant to vaccine design, diagnostic assays, and antibody-based therapies. | von Gunten S, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Riedel S, Miescher S, Schaub A, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS (2009) Intravenous immunoglobulin contains a broad repertoire of anticarbohydrate antibodies that is not restricted to the IgG2 subclass. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 123, 1268-76.e15 [PubMed:19443021] [show Abstract]
BackgroundSpecificities for carbohydrate IgG antibodies, thought to be predominantly of the IgG2 subclass, have never been broadly examined in healthy human subjects.ObjectiveTo examine commercial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations for their ability to recognize a wide range of glycans and to determine the contribution of IgG2 to the binding pattern observed.MethodsWe used a glycan microarray to evaluate IVIG preparations and a control mix of similar proportions of human myeloma IgG1 and IgG2 for binding to 377 glycans, courtesy of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics Core H. Glycans recognized were categorized using public databases for their likely cellular sources. IgG2 was depleted from IVIG by using immunoaffinity chromatography, and depletion was confirmed by using nephelometry and surface plasmon resonance.ResultsNearly half of the glycans bound IgG. Some of the glycans with the greatest antibody binding can be found in structures of human pathogenic bacteria (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera) and nonpathogenic bacteria, including LPS and lipoteichoic acid, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides. Surprisingly, depletion of IgG2 had only a modest effect on anticarbohydrate recognition patterns compared with the starting IVIG preparation. Little to no binding activity was detected to human endogenous glycans, including tumor-associated antigens.ConclusionsThis novel, comprehensive analysis provides evidence that IVIG contains a much wider range than previously appreciated of anticarbohydrate IgG antibodies, including those recognizing both pathogenic and non-pathogen-associated prokaryotic glycans. | Obukhova P, Rieben R, Bovin N (2007) Normal human serum contains high levels of anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc antibodies. Xenotransplantation 14, 627-635 [PubMed:17991151] [show Abstract]
BackgroundNatural xenoreactive antibodies (Abs) directed against the Bdi-epitope (Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta) on the cells of non-primate mammals take part in hyperacute rejection of xenotransplanted organs. We found that some Abs, which were one-step affinity purified on Bdi-Sepharose, cross-reacted with the disaccharide Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc beta. The epitope Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc has not been identified on mammals or bacterial polysaccharides yet.MethodsTo isolate the antibodies of the corresponding specificity the disaccharide was immobilized on Sepharose and antibodies were affinity purified from pooled serum of blood group O individuals.ResultsThese one-step purified Abs cross-reacted with Bdi, but after a prior absorption step on Bdi-Sepharose no cross-reactivity with Bdi was observed any longer. Surprisingly, the quantity of anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc isolated from the same serum pool, 4-7 microg/ml, was equal to that of anti-Bdi or more. Independently of ABO blood groups all the tested healthy donors had anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs at a similar level. Monospecific anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs were not cytotoxic towards porcine cells.Conclusions1. The actual concentration of monospecific, xenoreactive Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta Abs in blood may be considerably lower than the value referred to in the literature for 'anti-alpha Gal' or 'anti-Galili' antibodies. 2. Anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs seem not to be important for xenotransplantation. | Neethling FA, Koren E, Ye Y, Richards SV, Kujundzic M, Oriol R, Cooper DK (1994) Protection of pig kidney (PK15) cells from the cytotoxic effect of anti-pig antibodies by alpha-galactosyl oligosaccharides. Transplantation 57, 959-963 [PubMed:8154046] [show Abstract] Anti-pig antibodies in human and baboon serum are believed to be directed against alpha-galactosyl (alpha Gal) epitopes expressed on various pig cells, including vascular endothelia. We have investigated the effect of human sera on the PK15 pig kidney cell line, which abundantly expresses alpha Gal epitopes. To quantitate cell viability, we have used a staining method that differentiates live cells from dead ones. Various carbohydrates (n = 28) were added individually to serum at concentrations of 0.125-50 mg/ml. Unmodified serum caused approximate 100% PK15 cell death within 60 min. Carbohydrates that were not alpha Gal based did not significantly protect PK15 cells. Of the alpha Gal-based carbohydrates, only B disaccharide protected PK15 cells from both human and baboon serum (76% and 93% protection, respectively, at 1 mg/ml). Three alpha Gal oligosaccharides provided approximately 80-90% protection against both human and baboon sera at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. Three other closely related structures protected only against baboon serum (> 80%) at high concentration (50 mg/ml), suggesting a difference in anti-pig antibody affinity between baboon and man. Specific anti-alpha Gal antibody-depleted serum caused < 10% pig cell death, whereas the antibodies eluted from the alpha Gal columns caused > 70% pig cell death. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that (1) alpha Gal structures are the targets for human and baboon anti-pig antibodies, and (2) there may be a therapeutic role for the infusion of specific alpha Gal carbohydrates, or for antibody removal using alpha Gal immunoaffinity columns, in order to prevent hyperacute rejection of pig organs in man. | Cooper DK, Good AH, Koren E, Oriol R, Malcolm AJ, Ippolito RM, Neethling FA, Ye Y, Romano E, Zuhdi N (1993) Identification of alpha-galactosyl and other carbohydrate epitopes that are bound by human anti-pig antibodies: relevance to discordant xenografting in man. Transplant immunology 1, 198-205 [PubMed:7521740] [show Abstract] Human anti-pig antibodies were obtained by perfusing pig hearts (n = 4) and kidneys (n = 8) with human AB or O plasma followed by elution with 3 M NaSCN. The antibodies were screened against a panel of 132 synthetic carbohydrates conjugated to bovine serum albumin using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. An anti-immunoglobulin antibody was also used to detect immunoglobulin deposits on pig tissues. Four carbohydrate molecules with a terminal alpha-galactose residue bound all but one of the human anti-pig kidney antibodies and most of the anti-pig heart antibodies. These were: (i) alpha Gal(1-->3)beta Gal(1-->4)beta GlcNac (linear B type 2); (ii) alpha Gal(1-->3)beta Gal(1-->4)beta Glc (linear B type 6); (iii) alpha Gal(1-->3)beta Gal(B disaccharide); and (iv) alpha Gal(alpha-D-galactose). Immunoglobulin deposition was documented post-plasma perfusion in all pig hearts and particularly strongly in all pig kidneys. These results suggest that human anti-pig antibodies are mainly directed against alpha-galactosyl structures. Extracorporeal immunoadsorption of human plasma through columns of the specific synthetic carbohydrate(s) might lead to depletion of anti-pig antibodies and allow discordant xenografting in man. Alternatively, the infusion of the specific carbohydrate(s) for a period of several days might result in neutralization of the anti-pig antibodies and allow accommodation to take place. |
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