To use surgical resection specimens of the intact bowel wall from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and perform RNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and validation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to explore the subtle differences between Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with predominant focus on the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and enteric autonomic nervous system (ANS). Overall design: The intact colon specimens from IBD surgical patients were divided based on their inflammatory status into inflamed (6 iCD, 6 iUC) and non-inflamed (6 niBD: 3 niCD+3 niUC) groups