cd21978

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the high mobility group protein B (HMGB) family

CDD entry
Member databaseCDD
CDD typedomain
Short nameHMG-box_HMGB_rpt1
SetHMG-box_SF

Description

HMGB proteins are chromatin-associated nuclear proteins that act as architectural factors in nucleoprotein structures, which regulate DNA-dependent processes including transcription. In mammals, four family members are present: HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3 and HMGB4. They regulate the expression of a wide range of genes through architectural remodeling of the chromatin structure. HMGB1, also called high mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1), is a prototypical alarmin or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule when released from cells. It plays important roles in the regulation of a wide range of processes, including transcription, replication, DNA repair, and nucleosome formation, in the nucleus. It also plays multiple roles in regulating inflammation and responses to cell and tissue stress. HMGB2, also called high mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2), has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumor growth. It acts as a chromatin-associated nonhistone protein involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleic-acid-mediated innate immune responses in mammalian cells. It binds DNA to stabilize nucleosomes and promote transcription. HMGB3, also called high mobility group protein 2a (HMG-2a), or high mobility group protein 4 (HMG-4), is an X-linked member of the HMGB family that functions as a universal sentinel for nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses. HMGB3 has been implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory responses. HMGB4 is expressed by neuronal cells and affects the expression of genes involved in neural differentiation. It is a factor that regulates chromatin and expression of neuronal differentiation markers. This family also includes high mobility group protein B1 pseudogene 1 (HMGB1P1) and nuclear auto-antigen Sp-100. HMGB1P1, also called putative high mobility group protein B1-like 1 (HMGB1L1), or putative high mobility group protein 1-like 1 (HMG-1L1), is an HMG-box containing protein that binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. Sp-100, also called nuclear dot-associated Sp100 protein, or speckled 100 kDa, is a tumor suppressor that is a major constituent of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, a subnuclear organelle involved in many physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Through the regulation of ETS1, Sp-100 may play a role in angiogenesis, controlling endothelial cell motility and invasion. It may also play roles in the regulation of telomere lengthening, TP53-mediated transcription, FAS-mediated apoptosis, etc. In addition, the family includes Drosophila melanogaster high mobility group protein DSP1 (dDSP1) and similar proteins. dDSP1, also called protein dorsal switch 1, binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. It converts Dorsal and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B from transcriptional activators to repressors. Members of the HMGB family contain two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one.
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References

1.Identification of an HMGB3 frameshift mutation in a family with an X-linked colobomatous microphthalmia syndrome using whole-genome and X-exome sequencing. Scott AF, Mohr DW, Kasch LM, Barton JA, Pittiglio R, Ingersoll R, Craig B, Marosy BA, Doheny KF, Bromley WC, Roderick TH, Chassaing N, Calvas P, Prabhu SS, Jabs EW. JAMA Ophthalmol 132, 1215-20, (2014). PMID: 24993872

2.Upregulation of miR-200b Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Migration by Targeting HMGB3 Protein. Wang LK, Xie XN, Song XH, Su T, Chang XL, Xu M, Liang B, Huang DY. Technol Cancer Res Treat 17, 1533033818806475, (2018). PMID: 30343649

3.Isolation of human and mouse HMG2a cDNAs: evidence for an HMG2a-specific 3' untranslated region. Wilke K, Wiemann S, Gaul R, Gong W, Poustka A. Gene 198, 269-74, (1997). PMID: 9370291

4.The HMGB protein gene family in zebrafish: Evolution and embryonic expression patterns. Moleri S, Cappellano G, Gaudenzi G, Cermenati S, Cotelli F, Horner DS, Beltrame M. Gene Expr Patterns 11, 3-11, (2011). PMID: 20804857

5.The active gene that encodes human high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1) contains introns and maps to chromosome 13. Ferrari S, Finelli P, Rocchi M, Bianchi ME. Genomics 35, 367-71, (1996). PMID: 8661151

6.HMGB1 Promotes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Enhancing Macrophage Inflammatory Response. Lu M, Yu S, Xu W, Gao B, Xiong S. J Immunol Res 2015, 946748, (2015). PMID: 26078984

7.Redox-sensitive structural change in the A-domain of HMGB1 and its implication for the binding to cisplatin modified DNA. Wang J, Tochio N, Takeuchi A, Uewaki J, Kobayashi N, Tate S. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 441, 701-6, (2013). PMID: 24427810

8.Molecular archeology of an SP100 splice variant revisited: dating the retrotranscription and Alu insertion events. Devor EJ. Genome Biol 2, RESEARCH0040, (2001). PMID: 11574059

9.Down-regulated expressed protein HMGB3 inhibits proliferation and migration, promotes apoptosis in the placentas of fetal growth restriction. Lv Y, Lv M, Ji X, Xue L, Rui C, Yin L, Ding H, Miao Z. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 107, 69-76, (2019). PMID: 30543931

10.Two novel homologs of high mobility group box 3 gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): potential roles in innate immune responses. Yang C, Chen L, Su J, Feng X, Rao Y. Fish Shellfish Immunol 35, 1501-10, (2013). PMID: 23994280

11.HMGB3 promotes growth and migration in colorectal cancer by regulating WNT/β-catenin pathway. Zhang Z, Chang Y, Zhang J, Lu Y, Zheng L, Hu Y, Zhang F, Li X, Zhang W, Li X. PLoS One 12, e0179741, (2017). PMID: 28678825

12.Human HMGB1 directly facilitates interactions between nucleotide excision repair proteins on triplex-directed psoralen interstrand crosslinks. Lange SS, Reddy MC, Vasquez KM. DNA Repair (Amst) 8, 865-72, (2009). PMID: 19446504

13.Differential Characteristics of HMGB2 Versus HMGB1 and their Perspectives in Ovary and Prostate Cancer. Camara-Quilez M, Barreiro-Alonso A, Rodriguez-Bemonte E, Quindos-Varela M, Cerdan ME, Lamas-Maceiras M. Curr Med Chem 27, 3271-3289, (2020). PMID: 30674244

14.A systematic nomenclature for the redox states of high mobility group box (HMGB) proteins. Antoine DJ, Harris HE, Andersson U, Tracey KJ, Bianchi ME. Mol Med 20, 135-7, (2014). PMID: 24531895

15.Chaperone-like activity of high-mobility group box 1 protein and its role in reducing the formation of polyglutamine aggregates. Min HJ, Ko EA, Wu J, Kim ES, Kwon MK, Kwak MS, Choi JE, Lee JE, Shin JS. J Immunol 190, 1797-806, (2013). PMID: 23303669

16.Extracellular HMGB1 prevents necroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Liu Y, Chen P, Xu L, Ouyang M, Wang D, Tang D, Yang L, Xie M, Cao L, Yang M. Biomed Pharmacother 112, 108714, (2019). PMID: 30970518

17.HMGB4 is expressed by neuronal cells and affects the expression of genes involved in neural differentiation. Rouhiainen A, Zhao X, Vanttola P, Qian K, Kulesskiy E, Kuja-Panula J, Gransalke K, Gronholm M, Unni E, Meistrich M, Tian L, Auvinen P, Rauvala H. Sci Rep 6, 32960, (2016). PMID: 27608812

18.HMGB1-DNA complex-induced autophagy limits AIM2 inflammasome activation through RAGE. Liu L, Yang M, Kang R, Dai Y, Yu Y, Gao F, Wang H, Sun X, Li X, Li J, Wang H, Cao L, Tang D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 450, 851-6, (2014). PMID: 24971542

19.HMGB3 modulates ROS production via activating TLR cascade in Apostichopus japonicus. Lv Z, Zhang Z, Wei Z, Li C, Shao Y, Zhang W, Zhao X, Xiong J. Dev Comp Immunol 77, 128-137, (2017). PMID: 28774490

20.An immunogenic peptide in the A-box of HMGB1 protein reverses apoptosis-induced tolerance through RAGE receptor. LeBlanc PM, Doggett TA, Choi J, Hancock MA, Durocher Y, Frank F, Nagar B, Ferguson TA, Saleh M. J Biol Chem 289, 7777-86, (2014). PMID: 24474694

21.A critical cysteine is required for HMGB1 binding to Toll-like receptor 4 and activation of macrophage cytokine release. Yang H, Hreggvidsdottir HS, Palmblad K, Wang H, Ochani M, Li J, Lu B, Chavan S, Rosas-Ballina M, Al-Abed Y, Akira S, Bierhaus A, Erlandsson-Harris H, Andersson U, Tracey KJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 11942-7, (2010). PMID: 20547845

22.Hmgb3 Induces the Differentiation of Uterine Stromal Cells Through Targeting Ptn. Wang K, Yin YH, Yang ZQ, Yu HF, Wang YS, Guo B, Yue ZP. Reprod Sci 26, 891-899, (2019). PMID: 30081728

23.Binding interaction of HMGB4 with cisplatin-modified DNA. Park S, Lippard SJ. Biochemistry 51, 6728-37, (2012). PMID: 22901013

24.Back to the roots of a new exon--the molecular archaeology of a SP100 splice variant. Rogalla P, Kazmierczak B, Flohr AM, Hauke S, Bullerdiek J. Genomics 63, 117-22, (2000). PMID: 10766566

25.Upregulation of miR-513b inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and promotes apoptosis by targeting high mobility group-box 3 protein in gastric cancer. Chen X, Zhao G, Wang F, Gao F, Luo H, Wang Y, Du Y, Chen X, Xue C, Dong Z, Song G. Tumour Biol. 35, 11081-9, (2014). View articlePMID: 25095979

26.Overexpression of HMGB3 protein promotes cell proliferation, migration and is associated with poor prognosis in urinary bladder cancer patients. Li M, Cai Y, Zhao H, Xu Z, Sun Q, Luo M, Gu L, Meng M, Han X, Sun H. Tumour Biol. (2015). View articlePMID: 25647262

27.Knockdown of high mobility group box 3 impairs cell viability and colony formation but increases apoptosis in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Song N, Wang B, Feng G, Duan L, Yuan S, Jia W, Liu Y. Oncol Lett 17, 2937-2945, (2019). PMID: 30854071

28.Hmgb3 regulates the balance between hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nemeth MJ, Kirby MR, Bodine DM. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13783-8, (2006). View articlePMID: 16945912

29.HMGB2 is a novel adipogenic factor that regulates ectopic fat infiltration in skeletal muscles. Lee D, Taniguchi N, Sato K, Choijookhuu N, Hishikawa Y, Kataoka H, Morinaga H, Lotz M, Chosa E. Sci Rep 8, 9601, (2018). PMID: 29942000

30.HMGB1: the jack-of-all-trades protein is a master DNA repair mechanic. Lange SS, Vasquez KM. Mol Carcinog 48, 571-80, (2009). PMID: 19360789

31.Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes. Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, Agresti A, Nordmann P, Bianchi ME, Marechal V. Mol Biol Cell 14, 3414-26, (2003). PMID: 12925773

32.The Drosophila DSP1 gene encoding an HMG 1-like protein: genomic organization, evolutionary conservation and expression. Canaple L, Decoville M, Leng M, Locker D. Gene 184, 285-90, (1997). PMID: 9031641

33.Structural basis for the proinflammatory cytokine activity of high mobility group box 1. Li J, Kokkola R, Tabibzadeh S, Yang R, Ochani M, Qiang X, Harris HE, Czura CJ, Wang H, Ulloa L, Wang H, Warren HS, Moldawer LL, Fink MP, Andersson U, Tracey KJ, Yang H. Mol Med 9, 37-45, (2003). PMID: 12765338

34.An overview on HMGB1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents in HMGB1-related pathologies. Musumeci D, Roviello GN, Montesarchio D. Pharmacol Ther 141, 347-57, (2014). PMID: 24220159

35.Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA. Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM. Nucleic Acids Res 19, 6643, (1991). PMID: 1754403

36.Induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells requires caspase-dependent oxidation of high-mobility group box-1 protein. Kazama H, Ricci JE, Herndon JM, Hoppe G, Green DR, Ferguson TA. Immunity 29, 21-32, (2008). PMID: 18631454

37.HMGB4, a novel member of the HMGB family, is preferentially expressed in the mouse testis and localizes to the basal pole of elongating spermatids. Catena R, Escoffier E, Caron C, Khochbin S, Martianov I, Davidson I. Biol Reprod 80, 358-66, (2009). PMID: 18987332

38.Cross-reactivity of anti-HMGB1 antibodies for HMGB2. Davies JE, Apta BHR, Harper MT. J Immunol Methods 456, 72-76, (2018). PMID: 29453955

39.Hmgb3: an HMG-box family member expressed in primitive hematopoietic cells that inhibits myeloid and B-cell differentiation. Nemeth MJ, Curtis DJ, Kirby MR, Garrett-Beal LJ, Seidel NE, Cline AP, Bodine DM. Blood 102, 1298-306, (2003). View articlePMID: 12714519

40.High mobility group box 1 released from necrotic cells enhances regrowth and metastasis of cancer cells that have survived chemotherapy. Luo Y, Chihara Y, Fujimoto K, Sasahira T, Kuwada M, Fujiwara R, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H. Eur J Cancer 49, 741-51, (2013). PMID: 23040637

41.HMGB1 is a cofactor in mammalian base excision repair. Prasad R, Liu Y, Deterding LJ, Poltoratsky VP, Kedar PS, Horton JK, Kanno S, Asagoshi K, Hou EW, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI, Tomer KB, Yasui A, Wilson SH. Mol Cell 27, 829-41, (2007). PMID: 17803946

42.HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A. Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J. Mol Cell Biol 22, 2810-20, (2002). PMID: 11909973

43.HMGB1 Binds to Lipoteichoic Acid and Enhances TNF-α and IL-6 Production through HMGB1-Mediated Transfer of Lipoteichoic Acid to CD14 and TLR2. Kwak MS, Lim M, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Kim YH, Youn JH, Choi JE, Shin JS. J Innate Immun 7, 405-16, (2015). PMID: 25660311

44.Endogenous HMGB1 regulates autophagy. Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM, Cheh CW, Farkas A, Loughran P, Hoppe G, Bianchi ME, Tracey KJ, Zeh HJ 3rd, Lotze MT. J Cell Biol 190, 881-92, (2010). PMID: 20819940

45.Loss of Endogenous HMGB2 Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction and Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure in Mice. Sato M, Miyata K, Tian Z, Kadomatsu T, Ujihara Y, Morinaga J, Horiguchi H, Endo M, Zhao J, Zhu S, Sugizaki T, Igata K, Muramatsu M, Minami T, Ito T, Bianchi ME, Mohri S, Araki K, Node K, Oike Y. Circ J 83, 368-378, (2019). PMID: 30487376

46.Location is the key to function: HMGB1 in sepsis and trauma-induced inflammation. Deng M, Scott MJ, Fan J, Billiar TR. J Leukoc Biol 106, 161-169, (2019). PMID: 30946496

47.HMGB2 is associated with malignancy and regulates Warburg effect by targeting LDHB and FBP1 in breast cancer. Fu D, Li J, Wei J, Zhang Z, Luo Y, Tan H, Ren C. Cell Commun Signal 16, 8, (2018). PMID: 29463261

48.HMGB proteins: interactions with DNA and chromatin. Stros M. Biochim Biophys Acta 1799, 101-13, (2010). PMID: 20123072

49.HMGB3 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of glioblastoma and is negatively regulated by miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p. Liu J, Wang L, Li X. Cell Biochem Funct 36, 357-365, (2018). PMID: 30232806

50.Proteomic screen defines the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha-binding partners and identifies HMGB1 as a new cofactor of HNF1alpha. Yu M, Wang J, Li W, Yuan YZ, Li CY, Qian XH, Xu WX, Zhan YQ, Yang XM. Nucleic Acids Res 36, 1209-19, (2008). PMID: 18160415

51.Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HMGB1 is regulated by phosphorylation that redirects it toward secretion. Youn JH, Shin JS. J Immunol 177, 7889-97, (2006). PMID: 17114460

52.Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H. J Immunol 145, 4338-47, (1990). PMID: 2258622

53.Multiple promoters and targeted microRNAs direct the expressions of HMGB3 gene transcripts in dairy cattle. Li L, Huang J, Ju Z, Li Q, Wang C, Qi C, Zhang Y, Hou Q, Hang S, Zhong J. Anim Genet 44, 241-50, (2013). PMID: 23206268

54.Chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) proteins of the HMGB-type occurring in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Kiilerich B, Stemmer C, Merkle T, Launholt D, Gorr G, Grasser KD. Gene 407, 86-97, (2008). PMID: 17980517

55.HMGB1 develops enhanced proinflammatory activity by binding to cytokines. Sha Y, Zmijewski J, Xu Z, Abraham E. J Immunol 180, 2531-7, (2008). PMID: 18250463

56.Expression of high-mobility group-1 mRNA in human gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and corresponding non-cancerous mucosa. Xiang YY, Wang DY, Tanaka M, Suzuki M, Kiyokawa E, Igarashi H, Naito Y, Shen Q, Sugimura H. Int J Cancer 74, 1-6, (1997). PMID: 9036861

57.Interaction of SP100 with HP1 proteins: a link between the promyelocytic leukemia-associated nuclear bodies and the chromatin compartment. Seeler JS, Marchio A, Sitterlin D, Transy C, Dejean A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 7316-21, (1998). PMID: 9636146

58.Abnormal expression of <i>HMGB-3</i> is significantly associated with malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Zheng WJ, Yao M, Fang M, Wang L, Dong ZZ, Yao DF. World J Gastroenterol 24, 3650-3662, (2018). PMID: 30166860

59.Release of high mobility group box 1 by dendritic cells controls T cell activation via the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Dumitriu IE, Baruah P, Valentinis B, Voll RE, Herrmann M, Nawroth PP, Arnold B, Bianchi ME, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. J Immunol 174, 7506-15, (2005). PMID: 15944249

60.Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein. Shirakawa H, Yoshida M. J Biol Chem 267, 6641-5, (1992). PMID: 1551873

61.Evidence for involvement of HMGB1 protein in human DNA mismatch repair. Yuan F, Gu L, Guo S, Wang C, Li GM. J Biol Chem 279, 20935-40, (2004). PMID: 15014079

62.Oxidation of the alarmin high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) during apoptosis. Urbonaviciute V, Meister S, Furnrohr BG, Frey B, Guckel E, Schett G, Herrmann M, Voll RE. Autoimmunity 42, 305-7, (2009). PMID: 19811284

63.Novel role of PKR in inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release. Lu B, Nakamura T, Inouye K, Li J, Tang Y, Lundback P, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Olofsson PS, Kalb T, Roth J, Zou Y, Erlandsson-Harris H, Yang H, Ting JP, Wang H, Andersson U, Antoine DJ, Chavan SS, Hotamisligil GS, Tracey KJ. Nature 488, 670-4, (2012). PMID: 22801494

64.HMGB3 characterization in gastric cancer. Gong Y, Cao Y, Song L, Zhou J, Wang C, Wu B. Genet Mol Res 12, 6032-9, (2013). PMID: 24338397

65.Repair shielding of platinum-DNA lesions in testicular germ cell tumors by high-mobility group box protein 4 imparts cisplatin hypersensitivity. Awuah SG, Riddell IA, Lippard SJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114, 950-955, (2017). PMID: 28096358

66.Occurrence of amphoterin (HMG1) as an endogenous protein of human platelets that is exported to the cell surface upon platelet activation. Rouhiainen A, Imai S, Rauvala H, Parkkinen J. Thromb Haemost 84, 1087-94, (2000). PMID: 11154118

67.Antimicrobial activity of high-mobility-group box 2: a new function to a well-known protein. Kuchler R, Schroeder BO, Jaeger SU, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57, 4782-93, (2013). PMID: 23877675

68.The many faces of HMGB1: molecular structure-functional activity in inflammation, apoptosis, and chemotaxis. Yang H, Antoine DJ, Andersson U, Tracey KJ. J Leukoc Biol 93, 865-73, (2013). PMID: 23446148

69.High mobility group box 1 protein binding to lipopolysaccharide facilitates transfer of lipopolysaccharide to CD14 and enhances lipopolysaccharide-mediated TNF-alpha production in human monocytes. Youn JH, Oh YJ, Kim ES, Choi JE, Shin JS. J Immunol 180, 5067-74, (2008). PMID: 18354232

70.GhHmgB3 deficiency deregulates proliferation and differentiation of cells during somatic embryogenesis in cotton. Hu L, Yang X, Yuan D, Zeng F, Zhang X. Plant Biotechnol J 9, 1038-48, (2011). PMID: 21554528

71.The genetic variation of the human HMGB1 gene. Kornblit B, Munthe-Fog L, Petersen SL, Madsen HO, Vindelov L, Garred P. Tissue Antigens 70, 151-6, (2007). PMID: 17610420

72.A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region. Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS. Nucleic Acids Res 20, 6413, (1992). PMID: 1475204

73.The effect of the acidic tail on the DNA-binding properties of the HMG1,2 class of proteins: insights from tail switching and tail removal. Lee KB, Thomas JO. J Mol Biol 304, 135-49, (2000). PMID: 11080451

74.HMGB1 promotes recruitment of inflammatory cells to damaged tissues by forming a complex with CXCL12 and signaling via CXCR4. Schiraldi M, Raucci A, Munoz LM, Livoti E, Celona B, Venereau E, Apuzzo T, De Marchis F, Pedotti M, Bachi A, Thelen M, Varani L, Mellado M, Proudfoot A, Bianchi ME, Uguccioni M. J Exp Med 209, 551-63, (2012). PMID: 22370717

75.A human placental cDNA clone that encodes nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-1. Wen L, Huang JK, Johnson BH, Reeck GR. Nucleic Acids Res 17, 1197-214, (1989). PMID: 2922262

76.The interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene Sp100 promoter contains an IFN-gamma activation site and an imperfect IFN-stimulated response element which mediate type I IFN inducibility. Grotzinger T, Jensen K, Will H. J Biol Chem 271, 25253-60, (1996). PMID: 8810287

77.High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) activates an autophagic response to oxidative stress. Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM, Zeh HJ 3rd, Lotze MT. Antioxid Redox Signal 15, 2185-95, (2011). PMID: 21395369

78.Mapping and molecular characterization of five HMG1-related DNA sequences. Rogalla P, Borda Z, Meyer-Bolte K, Tran KH, Hauke S, Nimzyk R, Bullerdiek J. Cytogenet Cell Genet 83, 124-9, (1998). PMID: 9925949

79.High-mobility group protein HMGB2 regulates human erythroid differentiation through trans-activation of GFI1B transcription. Laurent B, Randrianarison-Huetz V, Marechal V, Marchal V, Mayeux P, Dusanter-Fourt I, Dumenil D. Blood 115, 687-95, (2010). View articlePMID: 19965638

80.The role of high mobility group box 1 in innate immunity. Lee SA, Kwak MS, Kim S, Shin JS. Yonsei Med J 55, 1165-76, (2014). PMID: 25048472

81.Splice variants of the nuclear dot-associated Sp100 protein contain homologies to HMG-1 and a human nuclear phosphoprotein-box motif. Guldner HH, Szostecki C, Schroder P, Matschl U, Jensen K, Luders C, Will H, Sternsdorf T. J Cell Sci 112 ( Pt 5), 733-47, (1999). PMID: 9973607

82.High mobility group B2 is secreted by myeloid cells and has mitogenic and chemoattractant activities similar to high mobility group B1. Pusterla T, de Marchis F, Palumbo R, Bianchi ME. Autoimmunity 42, 308-10, (2009). PMID: 19811285

83.The nuclear protein HMGB1 is secreted by monocytes via a non-classical, vesicle-mediated secretory pathway. Gardella S, Andrei C, Ferrera D, Lotti LV, Torrisi MR, Bianchi ME, Rubartelli A. EMBO Rep 3, 995-1001, (2002). PMID: 12231511

84.Nucleosome binding properties and Co-remodeling activities of native and in vivo acetylated HMGB-1 and HMGB-2 proteins. Ugrinova I, Pashev IG, Pasheva EA. Biochemistry 48, 6502-7, (2009). PMID: 19522541

85.Monocytes promote natural killer cell interferon gamma production in response to the endogenous danger signal HMGB1. DeMarco RA, Fink MP, Lotze MT. Mol Immunol 42, 433-44, (2005). PMID: 15607795

86.Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2. Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA. Genes Dev 9, 1354-65, (1995). PMID: 7797075

87.HMGB1-facilitated p53 DNA binding occurs via HMG-Box/p53 transactivation domain interaction, regulated by the acidic tail. Rowell JP, Simpson KL, Stott K, Watson M, Thomas JO. Structure 20, 2014-24, (2012). PMID: 23063560

88.Molecular basis for the redox control of nuclear transport of the structural chromatin protein Hmgb1. Hoppe G, Talcott KE, Bhattacharya SK, Crabb JW, Sears JE. Exp Cell Res 312, 3526-38, (2006). PMID: 16962095

89.HMGB1 conveys immunosuppressive characteristics on regulatory and conventional T cells. Wild CA, Bergmann C, Fritz G, Schuler P, Hoffmann TK, Lotfi R, Westendorf A, Brandau S, Lang S. Int Immunol 24, 485-94, (2012). PMID: 22473704

90.Properties of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Derivatives Depend on Nonhistone DNA-Binding HMGB1 and HMGB2 Proteins. Bagherpoor AJ, Dolezalova D, Barta T, Kucirek M, Sani SA, Esner M, Kunova Bosakova M, Vinarsky V, Peskova L, Hampl A, Stros M. Stem Cells Dev 26, 328-340, (2017). PMID: 27863459

91.HMGB1: The Central Cytokine for All Lymphoid Cells. Li G, Liang X, Lotze MT. Front Immunol 4, 68, (2013). PMID: 23519706

92.The N-terminal domain of thrombomodulin sequesters high-mobility group-B1 protein, a novel antiinflammatory mechanism. Abeyama K, Stern DM, Ito Y, Kawahara K, Yoshimoto Y, Tanaka M, Uchimura T, Ida N, Yamazaki Y, Yamada S, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Iino S, Taniguchi N, Maruyama I. J Clin Invest 115, 1267-74, (2005). PMID: 15841214

93.Reversing established sepsis with antagonists of endogenous high-mobility group box 1. Yang H, Ochani M, Li J, Qiang X, Tanovic M, Harris HE, Susarla SM, Ulloa L, Wang H, DiRaimo R, Czura CJ, Wang H, Roth J, Warren HS, Fink MP, Fenton MJ, Andersson U, Tracey KJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 296-301, (2004). PMID: 14695889

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