PF21947

Snake toxin cobra-type

Pfam entry
Member databasePfam
Pfam typefamily
Short nameToxin_cobra-type
ClanuPAR_Ly6_toxin
Author Bateman A;0000-0002-6982-4660 Chuguransky S;0000-0002-0520-0736
Sequence Ontology0100021

Description

This family represents snake toxins, including short and long neurotoxins, cytotoxins and short toxins mainly from Naja genus of snakes (cobras). Cytotoxins (CTs, also known as cardiotoxins) are small (~60 amino acids) proteins that mediate their toxic effect through interaction with the cell membrane [2-4]. Neurotoxins interfere with cholinergic transmission at postsynaptic sites in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Cobrotoxin binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission
[2]
. In vivo rat model of arthritis, it showed anti-inflammation and immunosuppression effects
[1]
. These toxins have three beta-stranded loops resembling three fingers.

References

1.Cobrotoxin extracted from Naja atra venom relieves arthritis symptoms through anti-inflammation and immunosuppression effects in rat arthritis model. Zhu Q, Huang J, Wang SZ, Qin ZH, Lin F. J Ethnopharmacol 194, 1087-1095, (2016). View articlePMID: 27840083

2.A novel neurotoxin, cobrotoxin b, from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) venom: purification, characterization, and gene organization. Chang LS, Chou YC, Lin SR, Wu BN, Lin J, Hong E, Sun YJ, Hsiao CD. J Biochem 122, 1252-9, (1997). View articlePMID: 9498573

Further reading

3. NMR solution structure of an alpha-bungarotoxin/nicotinic receptor peptide complex. Basus VJ, Song G, Hawrot E. Biochemistry 32, 12290-8, (1993). View articlePMID: 8241115

4. Two forms of cytotoxin II (cardiotoxin) from Naja naja oxiana in aqueous solution: spatial structures with tightly bound water molecules. Dementieva DV, Bocharov EV, Arseniev AS. Eur. J. Biochem. 263, 152-62, (1999). View articlePMID: 10429199

5. Cardiotoxin VII4 from Naja mossambica mossambica. The refined crystal structure. Rees B, Bilwes A, Samama JP, Moras D. J. Mol. Biol. 214, 281-97, (1990). View articlePMID: 2370666

6. Solution conformation of cobrotoxin: a nuclear magnetic resonance and hybrid distance geometry-dynamical simulated annealing study. Yu C, Bhaskaran R, Chuang LC, Yang CC. Biochemistry 32, 2131-6, (1993). View articlePMID: 8443154

7. Elucidation of the solution structure of cardiotoxin analogue V from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra)--identification of structural features important for the lethal action of snake venom cardiotoxins. Jayaraman G, Kumar TK, Tsai CC, Srisailam S, Chou SH, Ho CL, Yu C. Protein Sci. 9, 637-46, (2000). View articlePMID: 10794406

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