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Lactose binding to heat-labile enterotoxin revealed by X-ray crystallography.

Sixma TK, Pronk SE, Kalk KH, van Zanten BA, Berghuis AM, Hol WG
Nature 355 561-4 (1992)
Cited: 109 times
EuropePMC logo PMID: 1741035

Abstract

Recognition of the oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 in membranes of target cells by the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli is the crucial first step in its pathogenesis, as it is for the closely related cholera toxin. These toxins have five B subunits, which are essential for GM1 binding, and a single A subunit, which needs to be nicked by proteolysis and reduced, yielding an A1-'enzyme' and an A2-'linker' peptide. A1 is translocated across the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, possibly after endocytosis, upon which it ADP-ribosylates the G protein Gs alpha. The mechanism of binding and translocation of these toxins has been extensively investigated, but how the protein is orientated on binding is still not clear. Knowing the precise arrangement of the ganglioside binding sites of the toxins will be useful for designing drugs against the diarrhoeal diseases caused by organisms secreting these toxins and in the development of oral vaccines against them. We present here the three-dimensional structure of the E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin complexed with lactose. This reveals the location of the binding site of the terminal galactose of GM1, which is consistent with toxin binding to the target cell with its A1 fragment pointing away from the membrane. A small helix is identified at the carboxy terminus of A2 which emerges through the central pore of the B subunits and probably comes into contact with the membrane upon binding, whereas the A1 subunit is flexible with respect to the B pentamer.

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  1. Overview of protein structural and functional folds. Sun PD, Foster CE, Boyington JC. Curr Protoc Protein Sci Chapter 17 Unit 17.1 (2004)

Articles - 1ltt mentioned but not cited (1)

  1. Holotoxin disassembly by protein disulfide isomerase is less efficient for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin than cholera toxin. Serrano A, Guyette JL, Heim JB, Taylor M, Cherubin P, Krengel U, Teter K, Tatulian SA. Sci Rep 12 34 (2022)


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Related citations provided by authors (2)

  1. Crystal Structure of a Cholera Toxin-Related Heat-Labile Enterotoxin from E. Coli. Sixma TK, Pronk SE, Kalk KH, Wartna ES, Van Zanten BAM, Witholt B, Hol WGJ Nature 351 371- (1991)
  2. Refined Structure of E. Coli Heat Labile Enterotoxin, a Close Relative of Cholera Toxin. Sixma TK, Van Zanten BAM, Dauter Z, Hol WGJ J. Mol. Biol. 230 890- (1993)

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