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The Enzyme Activity and Substrate Specificity of Two Major Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), SbCAD2 and SbCAD4.

Jun SY, Walker AM, Kim H, Ralph J, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C
Plant Physiol 174 2128-2145 (2017)
Cited: 13 times
EuropePMC logo PMID: 28606901

Abstract

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step in monolignol biosynthesis, reducing sinapaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, and p-coumaraldehyde to their corresponding alcohols in an NADPH-dependent manner. Because of its terminal location in monolignol biosynthesis, the variation in substrate specificity and activity of CAD can result in significant changes in overall composition and amount of lignin. Our in-depth characterization of two major CAD isoforms, SbCAD2 (Brown midrib 6 [bmr6]) and SbCAD4, in lignifying tissues of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a strategic plant for generating renewable chemicals and fuels, indicates their similarity in both structure and activity to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CAD5 and Populus tremuloides sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. This first crystal structure of a monocot CAD combined with enzyme kinetic data and a catalytic model supported by site-directed mutagenesis allows full comparison with dicot CADs and elucidates the potential signature sequence for their substrate specificity and activity. The L119W/G301F-SbCAD4 double mutant displayed its substrate preference in the order coniferaldehyde > p-coumaraldehyde > sinapaldehyde, with higher catalytic efficiency than that of both wild-type SbCAD4 and SbCAD2. As SbCAD4 is the only major CAD isoform in bmr6 mutants, replacing SbCAD4 with L119W/G301F-SbCAD4 in bmr6 plants could produce a phenotype that is more amenable to biomass processing.

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  1. Structural Basis for Broad Substrate Selectivity of Alcohol Dehydrogenase YjgB from Escherichia coli. Nguyen GT, Kim YG, Ahn JW, Chang JH. Molecules 25 E2404 (2020)


Articles citing this publication (12)

  1. Natural variation in ZmFBL41 confers banded leaf and sheath blight resistance in maize. Li N, Lin B, Wang H, Li X, Yang F, Ding X, Yan J, Chu Z. Nat Genet 51 1540-1548 (2019)
  2. Biochemical and Structural Analysis of Substrate Specificity of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase. Jun SY, Sattler SA, Cortez GS, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C. Plant Physiol 176 1452-1468 (2018)
  3. Passive membrane transport of lignin-related compounds. Vermaas JV, Dixon RA, Chen F, Mansfield SD, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Crowley MF, Beckham GT. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116 23117-23123 (2019)
  4. Structure and Function of the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from Sorghum bicolor. Zhang B, Lewis KM, Abril A, Davydov DR, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C. Plant Physiol 183 957-973 (2020)
  5. Common metabolic networks contribute to carbon sink strength of sorghum internodes: implications for bioenergy improvement. Li Y, Tu M, Feng Y, Wang W, Messing J. Biotechnol Biofuels 12 274 (2019)
  6. Large-scale genome-wide association study reveals that drought-induced lodging in grain sorghum is associated with plant height and traits linked to carbon remobilisation. Wang X, Mace E, Tao Y, Cruickshank A, Hunt C, Hammer G, Jordan D. Theor Appl Genet 133 3201-3215 (2020)
  7. Identification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Encoding Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Li H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xie W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li K, Guo J, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Jia KP, Miao Y. Front Plant Sci 13 840397 (2022)
  8. Pathogen and drought stress affect cell wall and phytohormone signaling to shape host responses in a sorghum COMT bmr12 mutant. Khasin M, Bernhardson LF, O'Neill PM, Palmer NA, Scully ED, Sattler SE, Funnell-Harris DL. BMC Plant Biol 21 391 (2021)
  9. Association of gene expression with syringyl to guaiacyl ratio in sugarcane lignin. Hodgson-Kratky K, Perlo V, Furtado A, Choudhary H, Gladden JM, Simmons BA, Botha F, Henry RJ. Plant Mol Biol 106 173-192 (2021)
  10. Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo. Vasupalli N, Hou D, Singh RM, Wei H, Zou LH, Yrjälä K, Wu A, Lin X. Int J Mol Sci 22 12917 (2021)
  11. Comprehensive Analysis of Endogenous Volatile Compounds, Transcriptome, and Enzyme Activity Reveals PmCAD1 Involved in Cinnamyl Alcohol Synthesis in Prunus mume. Zhang T, Bao F, Ding A, Yang Y, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Front Plant Sci 13 820742 (2022)
  12. Structural Similarities and Overlapping Activities among Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase, Flavanone 4-Reductase, and Anthocyanidin Reductase Offer Metabolic Flexibility in the Flavonoid Pathway. Lewis JA, Zhang B, Harza R, Palmer N, Sarath G, Sattler SE, Twigg P, Vermerris W, Kang C. Int J Mol Sci 24 13901 (2023)


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