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Conformational variation of proteins at room temperature is not dominated by radiation damage.

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Russi S, González A, Kenner LR, Keedy DA, Fraser JS, van den Bedem H
OpenAccess logo J Synchrotron Radiat 24 73-82 (2017)

Cited: 28 times
EuropePMC logo PMID: 28009548

Abstract

Protein crystallography data collection at synchrotrons is routinely carried out at cryogenic temperatures to mitigate radiation damage. Although damage still takes place at 100 K and below, the immobilization of free radicals increases the lifetime of the crystals by approximately 100-fold. Recent studies have shown that flash-cooling decreases the heterogeneity of the conformational ensemble and can hide important functional mechanisms from observation. These discoveries have motivated increasing numbers of experiments to be carried out at room temperature. However, the trade-offs between increased risk of radiation damage and increased observation of alternative conformations at room temperature relative to cryogenic temperature have not been examined. A considerable amount of effort has previously been spent studying radiation damage at cryo-temperatures, but the relevance of these studies to room temperature diffraction is not well understood. Here, the effects of radiation damage on the conformational landscapes of three different proteins (T. danielli thaumatin, hen egg-white lysozyme and human cyclophilin A) at room (278 K) and cryogenic (100 K) temperatures are investigated. Increasingly damaged datasets were collected at each temperature, up to a maximum dose of the order of 107 Gy at 100 K and 105 Gy at 278 K. Although it was not possible to discern a clear trend between damage and multiple conformations at either temperature, it was observed that disorder, monitored by B-factor-dependent crystallographic order parameters, increased with higher absorbed dose for the three proteins at 100 K. At 278 K, however, the total increase in this disorder was only statistically significant for thaumatin. A correlation between specific radiation damage affecting side chains and the amount of disorder was not observed. This analysis suggests that elevated conformational heterogeneity in crystal structures at room temperature is observed despite radiation damage, and not as a result thereof.

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  3. Foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 2B interacts with cyclophilin A, modulating virus replication. Liu H, Xue Q, Cao W, Yang F, Ma L, Liu W, Zhang K, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. FASEB J fj201701351 (2018)
  4. X-ray radiation damage to biological macromolecules: further insights. Garman EF, Weik M. J Synchrotron Radiat 24 1-6 (2017)
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  17. Slow protein dynamics probed by time-resolved oscillation crystallography at room temperature. Aumonier S, Engilberge S, Caramello N, von Stetten D, Gotthard G, Leonard GA, Mueller-Dieckmann C, Royant A. IUCrJ 9 756-767 (2022)
  18. Torsion angles to map and visualize the conformational space of a protein. Ginn HM. Protein Sci 32 e4608 (2023)
  19. An automated platform for structural analysis of membrane proteins through serial crystallography. Healey RD, Basu S, Humm AS, Leyrat C, Cong X, Golebiowski J, Dupeux F, Pica A, Granier S, Márquez JA. Cell Rep Methods 1 None (2021)
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  22. A SAXS-based approach to rationally evaluate radical scavengers - toward eliminating radiation damage in solution and crystallographic studies. Stachowski TR, Snell ME, Snell EH. J Synchrotron Radiat 28 1309-1320 (2021)
  23. Cryo-Cooling Effect on DHFR Crystal Studied by Replica-Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Nagai T, Tama F, Miyashita O. Biophys J 116 395-405 (2019)
  24. Microfluidic rotating-target device capable of three-degrees-of-freedom motion for efficient in situ serial synchrotron crystallography. Zhao FZ, Wang ZJ, Xiao QJ, Yu L, Sun B, Hou Q, Chen LL, Liang H, Wu H, Guo WH, He JH, Wang QS, Yin DC. J Synchrotron Radiat 30 347-358 (2023)
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